Geosynthetic muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev xaiv rau kev ua haujlwm mining

Geosynthetic Compositions thiab Options rau Mining ua hauj lwm

1 Geomembrane

Heap leaching tej yaam num, evaporation pas dej, tailings, thiab lwm yam nyob rau hauv mining ua hauj lwm feem ntau muaj kev loads siab heev thiab geomembranes feem ntau siv. Kev siv geomembrane hauv heap leaching tej yaam num muaj ntau tshaj 40 feem pua ​​ntawm tag nrho cov geomembrane ntau lawm. Geomembrane raw cov ntaub ntawv yog high density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE geomembrane), low density polyethylene (LDPE geomembrane) \ polyvinyl chloride (PVC geomembrane), polypropylene (PP geomembrane) thiab EPDMembrane ). Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm tsuas yog xaiv HDPE geomembrane vim nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv siab thiab lub cev muaj zog. Thicknesses ntau dua los yog sib npaug rau 0.75 hli (30 mils), xws li Fabkis thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees, xav txog 1 hli (40 mils) polymer geomembranes. Ntxiv nrog rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub geomembrane, lwm yam teeb meem tsim yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab, xws li cov nyhuv ntawm kev ntxhov siab, hom ntawm lub hauv paus, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tso rau hauv qab thiab saum toj no geomembrane.

Foundation conditions should be firm to minimize settlement over the life of the facility. Otherwise, the geomembrane will be stressed and overstretched, resulting in damage to the geomembrane. The subgrade surface shall provide a smooth, flat, firm, indomitable base for the geomembrane, with no sudden, sharp, or sudden changes or grade breaks that would tear or damage the geomembrane, and no loose rock fragments (>10 hli los yog 0.4 nyob rau hauv.)), sticks, khoom ntse, los yog khib nyiab ntawm txhua yam. Yog tias muaj cov khoom ntse, cov khib nyiab, lossis pob zeb, thiab lwm yam, yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub thaiv npog uas tsis yog-woven los tiv thaiv cov geomembrane los ntawm kev tho.

Hauv kev lag luam mining, tsis muaj cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau cov ntawv thov kev thaiv, yog li hauv ob sab phlu thickness feem ntau yog xaiv raws li kev paub dhau los, kev cia siab ore loading, particle loj ntawm cov khoom tso rau saum cov geomembrane, thiab cov khoom hauv qab no. Vim yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib txwm xav tau rau geomembranes, HDPE yog siv feem ntau. HDPE yog siv rau hauv:

raug rau ultraviolet hluav taws xob

High chemical kuj yuav tsum tau

Cia siab tias yuav siv tau lub neej ntev

Kev kub ntxhov siab yog qhov tseem ceeb (feem ntau tseem ceeb rau HDPE)

Zoo thermal oxidation kuj yuav tsum tau

Yuav tsum muaj siab puncture kuj

High mechanical zog yog qhov tseem ceeb.

Due to the expected service life of geomembranes (>>100 xyoo), qhov yuav tsum tau muaj rau cov hauv paus hauv ob sab phlu system feem ntau yuav tsum tau deformation siab tshaj plaws ntawm 0.25 feem pua. Hauv kev siv cov mining, lub neej luv luv tuaj yeem tshwm sim, yog li kev hloov pauv ntau dua (tab sis tsawg dua 1.5 feem pua) tuaj yeem ua tau. Ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab kev ua haujlwm ntev yog qhov kub ntawm cov kua ntawm lub geomembrane.

2 Geosynthetic Clay Liner

Geosynthetic av nplaum liners thiab ntau yam av nplaum geosynthetic barriers belongs rau pab pawg neeg ntawm geosynthetic av nplaum barriers, txhais raws li nram no:

Geosynthetic Clay Barrier: Lub Hoobkas tsim cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv geosynthetic, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov nplooj ntawv, nyob rau hauv uas lub barrier muaj nuj nqi yog ua los ntawm av nplaum.

Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL): Lub Hoobkas sib dhos geosynthetic barrier uas muaj av nplaum txhawb nqa los ntawm geotextile tuav ua ke los ntawm rab koob xuas nrig ntaus, stitching, lossis tshuaj nplaum nplaum.

Multicomponent Clay Geosynthetic Barrier (MGCL): Ib qho av nplaum los yog geosynthetic av nplaum liner (GCL) nrog ib qho txuas asphalt, polymer, lossis hlau thaiv uas txo cov hydraulic conductivity los yog tiv thaiv cov av nplaum, los yog ob qho tib si ntawm.

GBR-C yog siv rau hauv kev siv mining xws li heap leach chaw, evaporation pas dej los yog tailings pas dej, txheej txheem kev daws teeb meem, cua daj cua dub ntim dej, dej khib nyiab pov tseg, kaw thiab rov ua dua.

Hnyav ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob nyuaj engineers tsim tej yaam num. Hauv qee qhov kev siv, cov txheej txheem hauv ob sab phlu yuav xav tau cov txheej txheem sib xyaw nrog cov geomembrane lossis ntau yam GCL. Vim yog cov txiaj ntsig uas GCLs muab, lawv tau pom ntau dua los ua lwm txoj hauv kev sib xyaw av nplaum hauv cov ntawv thov mining, thiab qee zaum MGCLs tuaj yeem hloov geomembranes. Qee qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm GCL yog:

Nqi-zoo padding thiab installation

Yooj yim rau nruab hauv feem ntau cov huab cua

Siv tau zoo barrier, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv siab ib txwm loads

Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg tsim qauv yuav tsum xav txog qhov chaw tshwj xeeb (cov khoom siv av)

3 Tsis-woven geotextiles

Raws li kev sib cais, geotextiles yog siv los tiv thaiv cov av nyob ib sab los yog sau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev sib xyaw. Hauv cov ntawv thov kev pom, cov khoom siv tsis yog geotextiles yog siv los khaws cov av hais thaum tso cai rau cov kua dej dhau los ntawm cov xov xwm lim.

Needle-punched (mechanically bonded) nonwovens yog cov geotextiles muaj zog uas muaj peev xwm tiv taus kev teeb tsa hnyav thiab kev tsim kho nyuaj. Lawv tshwj xeeb yooj yooj yim thiab elongation zog ua ke los muab siab puncture kuj tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam pom kev ua tau zoo. Thaum xaiv kom raug, koob punched nonwovens tuaj yeem muab kev pom zoo rau lub sijhawm ntev thiab ua tiav cov kev sib txhuam ntawm cov ces kaum.

Hauv kev siv mining, geotextiles tau dav siv los tiv thaiv geomembrane teeb meem los ntawm kev sib tsoo thiab tsis tuaj yeem deformation.

4 Geosynthetic kua dej system

4 Geosynthetic kua system

Cov dej ntws tawm hauv heap leach mats yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov hlau rov qab, kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev tswj cov txeej. Txawm li cas los xij ntawm cov khoom siv uas tau xaiv (tag nrho los yog geosynthetic), cov kua dej txheej hauv qab ntawm heap leach pad yuav tsum ua raws li cov cai hauv qab no:

Cov kua yuav tsum muaj peev xwm ntws mus rau hauv cov kua dej yam tsis tau tsim ib lub taub hau nyob rau hauv lub heap leach pad

Txaus dej permeability mus sij hawm ntev nyob rau hauv cov kua txheej nrog tsawg gradient li sai tau ntawm lub hauv ob sab phlu

Lub cev ruaj khov rau cov dej ntws tawm ntawm heap leach ncoo lub neej (chemical compatibility)

Nrog compressive loads (ntev ntev thiab luv luv)

Ua tau raws li cov kev cai shear stability

Tsis txhob ua puas lub hauv ob sab phlu

Thaum feem ntau heap leach mats yog them nrog aggregate raws li cov khoom siv (feem ntau tshaj 0.5m ntawm crushed gravel (10mm mus rau 50mm)), geosynthetic drainage txheej yog tam sim no nce siv los ua lwm txoj rau cov tsoos gravel drainage systems saj.

Geosynthetic drainage systems yog txhais raws li: Ib qho khoom siv peb-dimensional prefabricated ua los ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws, uas muaj cov txheej txheem dej (core), uas tau them rau feem ntau nrog tsawg kawg ib lub lim dej geotextile rau cov kua thiab / lossis chav xa khoom.

Ib daim ntawv thov ntxiv ntawm geosynthetic ntws systems yog raws li ib tug leachate nrhiav system ntawm ob barrier liners, xws li ntawm ob polymeric geosynthetic barriers.

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ib tug geosynthetic kua system kom sib npaug rau ib tug ntxhia dej txheej xws li ib tug heap leach pad los yog kom tshaj nws, kev ua tau zoo kev ntsuam xyuas yuav tsum tau txaus los qhia nws cov kev ua tau zoo mus ntev. Cov no yuav tsum suav nrog kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov ntxaij lim dej geotextile, lub sijhawm ntev compressive kev ua haujlwm ntawm geosynthetic drainage systems nyob rau hauv chaw thau khoom, mus sij hawm ntev (hauv-plane flow / permeability), thiab lwm yam kev xav tau ntawm qhov chaw xws li interfacial shear cwj pwm lossis puncture resistance.

Thaum lub sij hawm ntsuam xyuas thiab xaiv cov txheej txheem, tus tsim engineer feem ntau yuav xaiv ntawm ib tug ntxhia kua txheej thiab ib tug geosynthetic kua system. Cov kws ua haujlwm paub ntau dua nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntxhia thiab saib xyuas lub peev xwm ntawm geosynthetic drainage systems. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis zoo dab tsi tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv cov pob zeb hauv av cov txheej txheem feem ntau saib xyuas. Muab cov khoom no ncaj qha rau ntawm geomembrane tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab yuav ua rau lub geomembrane puas thaum muab tso rau. Cov plaub hau kev ntxhov siab tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm thauj khoom ntawm heap leaching pads, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum tsis muaj lossis tsis txaus siv txheej tiv thaiv. Qhov kev tso kawm ntawm cov dej ntws seams kuj tseem siv sijhawm ntev thiab ua rau kev lag luam mining tag nrho. Ntawm qhov tod tes, geosynthetic drainage systems muaj ntau yam zoo. Kev yooj yim ntawm kev teeb tsa, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw siab tshaj, cov khoom siv zoo ib yam, kev txhim kho sai dua, kev sib tsoo-tiv taus thiab cov dej ntws sib xyaw ua ke kom txuag tau tus nqi ntau.

Lwm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv lub tshuab geosynthetic yog:

High ntim ntws txoj kev rau cov kua

Feem ntau txo qis kev teeb tsa thiab cov khoom siv, yog li tus nqi tsim nyog rau cov khoom siv dej ntxhia

Ib qho yooj yim thiab ceev installation vim lub teeb yuag

5 Reinforced geogrid

Hauv kev siv mining, geogrid daim ntawv thov suav nrog lub hauv paus kev txhawb nqa thiab kev ruaj khov, txoj kab nqes thiab khaws cov phab ntsa, thiab cov pas dej tailings overburden reinforcement. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas cov kabmob muaj peev xwm ntawm cov av tsis txaus los yog cov khoom shear tsawg dhau los ua kom ruaj khov raws li kev npaj txoj kab nqes los yog cov khoom thauj, geogrid reinforcement pab txuas txuas txuas rau kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev nyab xeeb.

Cov qauv geogrid yuav tsum muaj qhov nruj. Qhov no cuam tshuam rau lub peev xwm sab nraud ntawm kev sib sau ua ke hauv qhov pores. Qhov ntau dua qhov pore loj stability ntawm geogrid, qhov zoo dua lateral restraint nws muab rau cov khoom granular. Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog aggregate yog ib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm geogrid reinforcement. Ua tsaug rau kev sib cuam tshuam mechanism, geogrid absorbs kev ntxhov siab los ntawm cov av thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab kev pabcuam.

Txhawm rau kom nqus tau qhov kev ntxhov siab zoo, geogrids yuav tsum tau muab lub zog siab ntawm cov kab mob tsawg. Qhov ntau dua qhov tensile modulus ntawm qis strain, qhov qis qis thiab qhov kawg deformation tsim nyob rau hauv cov qauv. Qhov kawg tensile lub zog cuam tshuam rau theem ntawm tensile lub zog muaj nyob rau hauv tsawg strain, thiab ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv qhov kawg lub zog ua rau tib tus nqi ntawm nce nyob rau hauv tsawg strain.

Hauv cov qauv siv geogrids los muab kev ruaj ntseg txaus thiab kev nyab xeeb raws li kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov qauv, kev ua haujlwm ntev ntawm cov khoom yuav txiav txim siab. Cov khoom sib txawv thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom cuam tshuam rau cov khoom xws li tus cwj pwm nkag siab, kev ruaj khov rau kev puas tsuaj, thiab tshuaj lom neeg / lom. Cov txiaj ntsig no ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau lub sijhawm ntev tsim lub zog ntawm cov khoom suav nrog hauv kev txheeb xyuas kev ruaj ntseg. Cov khoom lag luam nrog tib lub zog qhov kawg feem ntau sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev tsim lub zog lawv ua rau.